沁河流域实测径流对环境变化的定量响应分析   总被引：1，自引：0，他引：1  

胡彩虹  王纪军  王灏  王艺璇  王爱琴 《气候变化研究进展》2012,8(3):213-219

根据1956-2000年沁河流域降水、耗水量和入黄武陟站实测径流资料,采用趋势分析、Mann-Kendall法和滑动t检验法分析了武陟站实测径流变化的事实,辨析了影响实测径流变化的原因,并在确定基准期的基础上,建立了降水径流双累积曲线关系,分离出了由降水、人类活动中引耗水及下垫面条件变化引起的实测径流变化量。分析结果表明：沁河入黄实测径流减少趋势明显,1972年为突变年份,且降水的减少、人类活动引耗水的增加和流域煤矿开采、地下水超采和水土保持措施等综合作用致使实测径流减少。人类引耗水、气候变化及下垫面条件变化对径流的影响总量为70.6 mm,其中,引耗水致使实测径流减少为17.6 mm,贡献率为24.9%;气候变化影响量为35.6 mm,贡献率为50.4%;下垫面条件变化影响量为17.5 mm,贡献率为24.7%。  相似文献   

内陆河流域治理政策的生态环境效果评价——以民勤绿洲为例   总被引：1，自引：1，他引：0  

黄珊  周立华  冯起  陆志翔  肖建华 《中国沙漠》2017,37(3):580-586

西北内陆河流域治理政策作为国家重要生态环境治理政策受到广泛关注。以石羊河流域生态环境退化最为严重的民勤绿洲为研究区,结合历史文献数据、问卷调查数据、遥感影像数据,运用描述性统计分析和土地荒漠化遥感监测,对比分析石羊河流域治理政策实施初期和实施7 a后农户开荒、用水、种植行为的变化以及生态环境对农户行为变化的响应。结果表明：（1）政策实施7 a上游来水量累积增加了4.44亿m³;农户停止了开荒行为,人均耕地由≥ 0.33 hm²减少到 ≤0.17 hm²,农户用井水灌溉的比例减少17.9%,灌溉方式向更节水的沟灌、膜上灌、喷灌发展;农户减少耗水作物小麦与籽瓜的选择频数和种植面积;生态移民迁出1.05万人,平均每年输转农村剩余劳动力5.61万人。（2）近60%的农户认为该区整体生态环境变好,且荒漠化遥感监测显示2013年该区重度、中度和轻度荒漠化面积分别减少0.24%、5.35%、3.5%。近90%的农户认为环境的改善与流域治理有关。  相似文献   

Benchmarking land use change impacts on direct runoff in ungauged urban watersheds     

《Physics and Chemistry of the Earth》2015

This paper describes the results of benchmark testing of land use change impact on direct runoff using Soil Conservation Service-Curve Number (SCS-CN) model in two ungauged neighbouring urban watersheds (Çınar and Kadıyakuplu) in Istanbul, Turkey. To examine this impact, the model was applied to daily rainfall data using three different dated (1982, 1996 and 2012) hydrological soil groups and land use of the two ungauged urban watersheds. Finally, the impact of land use change and model performance were evaluated with the rainfall-runoff regression, the coefficient of determination and the NSE test using benchmark runoff data based on 1982 land use conditions. The results of the analysis indicate that the changing of land use types from natural surfaces to impervious surfaces has a significant impact on surface runoff. Additionally, remarkable spatial variations of the land use changes and their impact on the runoff in 1996 and 2012 were more detected in the Çınar watershed compared with the Kadıyakuplu watershed. The planning decision on land use of the watersheds, has vital role in these differences. The results of this research also reveal that change to intensive land use in urban watersheds has a significantly larger impact on runoff generation than those rainfall.  相似文献   

论地理规律对流域过程模拟并行计算的指导作用     

刘军志  朱阿兴  秦承志  江净超  朱良君  沈琳 《地球信息科学学报》2015,17(5):506-514

流域过程模拟是地理学研究和流域科学管理的有效工具。在应用需求的推动下,长时段、高空间分辨率的多过程综合模拟逐渐兴起,流域过程模拟所需的计算量越来越大,亟需借助并行计算技术来提高效率。流域过程模拟并行计算的现有研究,大多为针对特定模型的个例研究,缺乏对指导各类流域过程模型并行计算的共性思路和原则进行讨论和梳理。首先,对可指导流域过程模拟并行计算的地理规律进行了分析,从空间、子过程和时间3 个角度,探讨了空间等级层次结构、空间相互作用、子过程间依赖关系、时空动态变化等地理规律,对流域过程模拟并行计算的指导作用;然后,根据地理规律在并行计算中所发挥作用和适用范围的不同对其分类;最后,结合2 个实例,对地理规律的流域过程模拟并行计算进行了分析和验证,旨在对流域过程模拟并行计算理论和方法的发展与应用提供借鉴。  相似文献   

基于DEM的北京市大流域界线重新勘定研究     

张超  苏伟  徐丽丽  朱德海  李海霞 《地理与地理信息科学》2008,24(3):53-56

大流域区划数据是反映水资源分布的重要数据,也是土地利用总体规划和农业结构总体规划所必需的重要基础数据。针对当前没有与北京市土地利用现状数据一致的大流域区划数据,参照北京市已有的流域划分数据与方案,以DEM和SPOT5遥感影像为基础数据源,通过GIS数据处理、水文特征分析与流域划分等生成北京市五大流域区划数据;通过三维景观图等对大流域界线进行调整,重新勘定北京市大流域界线。  相似文献   

红河流域气温变化的气候特征分析   总被引：3，自引：0，他引：3  

尹文有  肖子牛  郑皎  王继红 《云南地理环境研究》2008,20(Z1):1-6

利用红河流域及其周边地区23个气象站1961年~2005年的年平均气温资料,对红河流域的气温变化特征进行诊断分析,结果表明:近45年来,红河流域气温呈现明显的增暖趋势,无论是整个流域还是上游、中游地区其增温速度均高于全球增温速度。并且,红河流域的气温变化还存在明显的区域差异和季节差异,中游地区增温幅度大于整个流域和上游地区,全流域及上游、中游地区都表现为冬半年增温趋势和幅度大于夏半年。红河流域增温突变出现在20世纪80年代,显著性增温出现在90年代后,特别是1998年以后更为明显。  相似文献   

流域生态健康评价理论与方法研究进展   总被引：11，自引：0，他引：11  

李春晖  崔嵬  庞爱萍  郑小康 《地理科学进展》2008,27(1):9-17

对流域进行生态健康评价,将为流域的规划、管理和保护以及流域综合治理提供决策依据。本文回顾了国 内外流域生态健康评价的历史和现状,着重阐述了流域生态系统健康评价的尺度与方法。流域生态系统健康评价 主要有两种方法：一是生物监测法,二是指标体系法。对流域进行生态健康评价,重点在于建立评价指标体系。流域 生态健康评价的指标体系应该包括生物、水质、水文、栖息地、社会经济和人类健康等六方面指标。最后,明确指标 选取的基本原则,并指出了目前流域生态健康评价存在的问题及今后的研究趋势。  相似文献   

黄土高原小流域土地利用优化调控   总被引：2，自引：0，他引：2  

徐勇  汤青 《地理学报(英文版)》2009,19(5):577-586

At present, land use optimization at small watershed scale is the key measure to control soil erosion, restore the eco-environment and improve the farmers’ living standard on the Loess Plateau, China. Based on the land use survey maps of 1966, 1988, 1997, 2003 and the digital topographic map of 1984 in Yangou watershed, and assisted by spatial techniques of GIS, the basic characteristics and driving forces of land use change in Yangou watershed are analyzed. According to the summarization of land-use optimization characteristics since 1997, and with the help of continuous monitoring data for years and farmer investigation data, this paper appraises eco-environmental benefits, economic benefits and sustainability of Yangou watershed. We have used sediment reduction benefits, coverage ratio of permanent vegetation, per capita food production and per capita income of farmers as indices. The results show that Yangou watershed project has successfully controlled the soil and water loss and the farmers’ living standard has been improved markedly by reasonable adjustment to land use structure. The benefit of sediment reduction is higher than 80% and the coverage ratio of permanent vegetation reaches 61.03%. In 2006, the per capita income increased by 1493 yuan compared with the year 1998. The successful measures and experiences of Yangou watershed are worth promoting on the Loess Plateau.  相似文献   

The influence of freeze–thaw cycles of active soil layer on surface runoff in a permafrost watershed     

Genxu Wang  Hongchang Hu  Taibin Li 《Journal of Hydrology》2009,375(3-4):438-449

As a result of global warming, the discharges from rivers in permafrost regions have varied significantly. However, its mechanism remains unclear. One of possible factors is active soil freeze–thaw cycle, which may influence surface runoff in the variation of permafrost water cycle processes. In this study, a typical permafrost watershed in the Qinghai-Tibet plateau was selected, its hydrological processes were monitored from 2004 to 2007, and the effects of the freezing and thawing depth of the soil active layer on runoff processes were assessed. The runoff modulus, runoff coefficient, direct runoff ratio, recession gradient and their seasonal variations were estimated and analyzed. The active soil dynamics and water budget were analyzed to prove the features of the surface runoff and the influences of active soil freeze–thaw processes. The primary factors influencing surface runoff processes during different seasons were analyzed by Principal Component Analysis (PCA) and statistical regression methods. The results showed that the high runoff coefficient and low direct runoff ratio were the main characteristics during the spring flood period (May–June) and during the autumn recession period (September). The runoff modulus and its year-to-year variability were the greatest in the summer flood period. The direct runoff ratio decreased from 0.43 in May to 0.29 in September, with the exception of the highest ratio, which occurred during the summer recession period (July). The active soil thawing in the upper layer of depth of 60 cm had contributed to increase in discharge, but the increase in thawing depth deeper than 60 cm led to a decrease in surface runoff and slowness in the recession process. Precipitation played a small role in the spring flood runoff and the autumn runoff. The soil active layer freeze–thaw variation, which affected seasonal soil water dynamic and water budget and reformed seasonal runoff characteristics, along with vegetation cover changes, is considered the potential major factor in control of the hydrological processes in the permafrost region.  相似文献   

Resample or not?! Effects of resolution of DEMs in watershed modeling   总被引：1，自引：0，他引：1  

B. Dixon  J. Earls 《水文研究》2009,23(12):1714-1724

  相似文献